The earliest recognized commercially produced baseball cards date back to the late 1800s. The oldest complete baseball card set known to exist is the 1887 N172 Old Judge tobacco card series produced by the American Tobacco Company. It is believed that some earlier prototype baseball cards may have been produced on an experimental basis in the 1870s as the baseball card collecting hobby began to take shape.
In the post-Civil War era of the late 1860s and 1870s, baseball was rapidly growing in popularity across America. Cigarettes and other tobacco products were also starting to become widely popular consumer items. Several enterprising tobacco manufacturers sensed an opportunity to gain new customers by marketing their products toward baseball fans. In 1868, the American Colored Tobacco Company reportedly issued a set of thirty-six promotional photo cards of baseball players. While no examples are known to survive today, contemporary newspaper advertisements make reference to this pioneering effort, which are considered by historians to be the first true baseball cards produced specifically for promotional purposes.
In the mid-1870s, tobacco companies experimented further with baseball-themed promotions. The Allen & Ginter Tobacco Company issued various test baseball cards as part of their larger series of carte de visite photograph cards distributed through their cigarette packages. A small number of rare examples featuring stars like Al Spalding and Cap Anson from this developmental period still exist today. These did not constitute a complete dedicated baseball card set and were produced on a limited trial basis rather than mass-marketed nationwide.
The first true nationally distributed complete baseball card set put forth as a premium offer was the 1887 N172 Old Judge issue from American Tobacco. This landmark 48-card series featured leading professional players from the National League and American Association of the late 1880s. Players depicted included stars like Hawley, Brouthers, Ewing, Rowe, and Kelly. Cards carried factual information like team, position, and batting average. Inserted in packs of Old Judge tobacco, these cardboard cards achieved instant popularity among young baseball fans of the time. The 1887 set is credited as the first to commercially standardize the format and concept that defined trading cards as they developed going forward.
Over subsequent years through the late 1880s and 1890s, tobacco companies competed fiercely to offer new and better baseball card promotions. Allen & Ginter followed Old Judge in 1888 with a popular 90-card series called “Golden Fleece.” In 1891, Goodwin & Co. unveiled a mammoth 400+ card set known as Carlisle Indian Industry Schools. Also in 1891, Britain’s Ogden’s Guerilla War Cigarettes distributed an unusual 35-card player portrait and portrait of team owner John B. Day series. In 1890, Mayo Cut Plug released one of the rarest and most iconic early issues, a 100-card Baltimore Orioles set featuring stars of the legendary mid-1890s “Oriole” dynasty teams. Production and insertions became more sophisticated, and additional information like player biographies started to be included on cards.
By the late 1890s, tobacco companies regularly inserted complete baseball card sets as premiums with their products, usually numbering around 100 cards. Notable famous issues from this era included the 1896-97 style Old Mill and Murad cigarette card sets. Many early series uniquely captured iconic players from the 1800s whose careers pre-dated photography, relying on illustrated lithography techniques which granted additional historical significance. After 1900, the baseball card collecting hobby exploded in popularity among youth, driving further expansions and innovation in the format as companies designed card promotions to appeal to increased numbers of young fans nationwide.
While crude prototype baseball cards may have been produced experimentally in the 1870s, the dawn of truly commercial mass-market baseball card issues intended purely as promotions occurred with the landmark 1887 N172 Old Judge tobacco card set. This seminal 48-card offering standardized the newly established format and concept that fundamentally defined the entire baseball cards collecting hobby as it developed rapidly through the early 1900s Golden Age and remains beloved worldwide today. Those original Old Judge cardboard cards thus represent where the tradition of baseball cards truly began on a commercial basis over 135 years ago.
